Physiological psychology, a field of study that delves into the intricate relationship between the human body's biological functions and its impact on cognitive processes, has experienced remarkable advancements in recent years. The field has witnessed a surge in research exploring the complex interplay between physical activity, brain development, and cognitive abilities, particularly in children and young adults. (Riga & Rouvali, 2023) (Taukeni, 2019)

Emerging evidence suggests that engaging in physical activity can have profound effects on the brain's structure and function, ultimately enhancing cognitive performance. Studies have highlighted the mechanisms underlying this relationship, such as increased angiogenesis, improved oxygen and glucose delivery, and elevated neurotransmitter levels. (Álvarez‐Bueno et al., 2017) (Erickson et al., 2015) These changes in the brain's physiology have been observed through various imaging techniques, including MRI and electrical activity recordings. (Álvarez‐Bueno et al., 2017)

Importantly, the critical period of brain and central nervous system development in childhood and adolescence presents a unique opportunity to harness the benefits of physical activity. During this time, the brain undergoes rapid changes, with the formation of new synapses and the simultaneous development of motor and cognitive abilities. Engaging children in targeted physical activity programs has been shown to improve executive functions, metacognition, and overall academic achievement.

Lubans and colleagues (Riga & Rouvali, 2023) have identified several mechanisms that link physical activity and cognition, emphasizing the importance of physical activity in shaping the brain's structure and function. Furthermore, research has demonstrated that physical activity interventions can contribute to "the mental acuity, skills, and strategies that are important for navigating challenges faced across the life span". (Riga & Rouvali, 2023)

The growing body of research in this field highlights the significant impact of physical activity on brain development and cognitive performance, particularly during critical periods of growth and learning.