This edited book highlights the synthesis and fabrication of nanomaterials as well as its applications in desalination, wastewater treatment, gas separation, and energy related applications. It provides a comprehensive coverage of the fundamentals and processing techniques with regard to synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications of nanomaterials in various industries. The basic principles and practical steps of nanomaterials preparations, characterization techniques, and critical review of its performance on selected applications are thoroughly discussed in this book. The advantages and limitations of each nanomaterial are also addressed in each chapter. This book will serve as an excellent introductory text for materials science and engineering students, as well as a practical, hands-on reference for researchers and working professionals.